Caravaggio influenced synonym

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Caravaggio was born in 1571, when the bubonic plague was still ravaging much of the population of Europe. His father, grandfather and grandmother each died of the plague in the span of three days when Caravaggio was just six years old, and his mother succumbed to the disease four years later. At the age of twelve, he began an apprenticeship in the studio of Simone Peterzano, which secured his career as an artist when he was still a child. The artist’s real name was Michelangelo Merisi, though he was ultimately named after the town where he spent much of his early childhood, Caravaggio.

In the late 16th and early-17th centuries, the Catholic Church was building a campaign known as the Counter Reformation as a response to the Reformation, which would counter the growing threat of Protestantism. As part of this program, the Church turned to painters, sculptors, and architects to visually confirm the dominance and power of Catholicism and woo back Catholics who had converted to Protestantism. Caravaggio’s paintings synthesized the two major approaches to artistic production during this period, of both theatrical, highly dramatic light and compositions, alongside scenes which welcome believers of all social echelons, painting religious figures in dark, dingy taverns, filled with the poor and marginalized members of society.

Caravaggio was a pioneer of tenebrism, a technique which implements intense chiaroscuro (an effect of contrasted light and shadow) for dramatic ends, dominating the painting with darkness and producing a spotlight effect. The theatricality of tenebrism was a key element of Baroque painting and stemmed from the chromatic experimentation of Mannerism. Caravaggio’s facility with tenebrism was matched by his observational naturalism,

Style of painting that uses strong contrasts of light and dark for dramatic effect

Tenebrism, from Italiantenebroso ('dark, gloomy, mysterious'), also occasionally called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using especially pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. The technique was developed to add drama to an image through a spotlight effect, and is common in Baroque paintings. Tenebrism is used only to obtain a dramatic impact while chiaroscuro is a broader term, also covering the use of less extreme contrasts of light to enhance the illusion of three-dimensionality.

Baroque

The artist Caravaggio is generally credited with the invention of the style, although this technique was also used by earlier artists such as Albrecht Dürer in his several self portraits; by Tintoretto in his dramatic religious paintings, such as The Miracle of St Mark; by El Greco, who painted three versions of a composition with a boy, a man, and a monkey grouped in darkness around a single flame; and lesser known painters such as Adam Elsheimer, who painted night-scenes with a restricted lighted areas. The term is usually applied to artists from the 17th century onward.

Among the best known tenebrist artists are Italian, Dutch and Spanish followers of Caravaggio. These include the Italian Baroque follower of Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, who was an outstanding exponent of tenebrism. Other exponents include the Dutch painters of the Utrecht School and the Spanish painters Francisco Ribalta, Jusepe de Ribera, and their followers, with the term most often being applied to these painters.

Tenebrism is sometimes applied to other 17th-century painters in what has been called the "candlelight tradition". These include Georges de La Tour, who painted many works illumina